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Math Symbols

Q: How do I type math symbols on a keyboard?

On Windows, a few have Alt codes (hold Alt and type the number on the numeric keypad): ± Alt+0177, × Alt+0215, ÷ Alt+0247, ≈ Alt+247, ≤ Alt+243, ≥ Alt+242, ≡ Alt+240, √ Alt+251, ∞ Alt+236, ° Alt+0176, ² Alt+0178, ³ Alt+0179, ½ Alt+0189, ¼ Alt+0188, ¾ Alt+0190, µ Alt+0181. For the rest, press Windows + . and open the Symbols tab, or copy them from this page. On a Mac, open the Character Viewer with Fn/Globe + E and search by name.

Every math symbol you're likely to need, plus the full operator blocks of Unicode. Tap one to copy it; hover or long-press to see its official name.

888 symbols
Names and codes
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Basic math symbols

Operators for everyday arithmetic.

Comparison and equivalence

Less than, greater than, approximately equal and their relatives.

Set theory

Membership, subsets, unions and the number sets.

Logic

Quantifiers, connectives, turnstiles and “therefore”.

Calculus and analysis

Integrals, partial derivatives, sums, products and primes.

Geometry

Angles, perpendicular and parallel signs.

Roots, powers and indices

Roots, plus superscript and subscript digits and letters.

Fractions

Every single-character fraction in Unicode.

Letters used in math

Hebrew letters for infinite sets, script and Fraktur capitals and more.

Brackets

Parentheses, angle brackets, floor and ceiling.

Arrows used in math

Implication, mapping and limits.

All arrow symbols →

Greek letters used in math

Including the variant forms ϵ, ϑ, ϖ, ϱ and ϕ.

The full Greek alphabet →

More mathematical operators

The rest of Unicode's Mathematical Operators block (U+2200–22FF).

Supplemental mathematical operators

Unicode's Supplemental Mathematical Operators block (U+2A00–2AFF).

Miscellaneous mathematical symbols

Unicode's Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A and -B blocks.

Common math symbols: names, LaTeX and codes

Names from the Unicode Character Database; LaTeX commands from MathJax's own tables (the MathJax-src project on GitHub).

Symbol	Name	LaTeX	HTML	Code point
+	PLUS SIGN	—	`+`	`U+002B`
−	MINUS SIGN	—	`−`	`U+2212`
×	MULTIPLICATION SIGN	`\times`	`×`	`U+00D7`
÷	DIVISION SIGN	`\div`	`÷`	`U+00F7`
=	EQUALS SIGN	—	`=`	`U+003D`
≠	NOT EQUAL TO	`\ne`, `\neq`	`≠`	`U+2260`
±	PLUS-MINUS SIGN	`\pm`	`±`	`U+00B1`
∓	MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN	`\mp`	`&mp;`	`U+2213`
≈	ALMOST EQUAL TO	`\approx`, `\thickapprox` (amssymb)	`≈`	`U+2248`
≡	IDENTICAL TO	`\equiv`	`&equiv;`	`U+2261`
≅	APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO	`\cong`	`&cong;`	`U+2245`
∼	TILDE OPERATOR	`\sim`, `\thicksim` (amssymb)	`&sim;`	`U+223C`
<	LESS-THAN SIGN	`\lt`	`<`	`U+003C`
>	GREATER-THAN SIGN	`\gt`	`>`	`U+003E`
≤	LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO	`\le`, `\leq`	`≤`	`U+2264`
≥	GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO	`\ge`, `\geq`	`≥`	`U+2265`
≪	MUCH LESS-THAN	`\ll`	`&Lt;`	`U+226A`
≫	MUCH GREATER-THAN	`\gg`	`&Gt;`	`U+226B`
∝	PROPORTIONAL TO	`\propto`, `\varpropto` (amssymb)	`&prop;`	`U+221D`
∞	INFINITY	`\infty`	`∞`	`U+221E`
√	SQUARE ROOT	`\surd`	`√`	`U+221A`
∛	CUBE ROOT	—	`∛`	`U+221B`
∑	N-ARY SUMMATION	`\sum`	`∑`	`U+2211`
∏	N-ARY PRODUCT	`\prod`	`∏`	`U+220F`
∫	INTEGRAL	`\int`, `\intop`	`∫`	`U+222B`
∬	DOUBLE INTEGRAL	`\iint`	`&Int;`	`U+222C`
∮	CONTOUR INTEGRAL	`\oint`, `\ointop`	`&oint;`	`U+222E`
∂	PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL	`\partial`	`∂`	`U+2202`
∇	NABLA	`\nabla`	`∇`	`U+2207`
∆	INCREMENT	—	`∆`	`U+2206`
∈	ELEMENT OF	`\in`	`∈`	`U+2208`
∉	NOT AN ELEMENT OF	`\notin`	`∉`	`U+2209`
∋	CONTAINS AS MEMBER	`\ni`, `\owns`	`&ni;`	`U+220B`
⊂	SUBSET OF	`\subset`	`⊂`	`U+2282`
⊃	SUPERSET OF	`\supset`	`⊃`	`U+2283`
⊆	SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO	`\subseteq`	`&sube;`	`U+2286`
⊇	SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO	`\supseteq`	`&supe;`	`U+2287`
∪	UNION	`\cup`	`∪`	`U+222A`
∩	INTERSECTION	`\cap`	`∩`	`U+2229`
∅	EMPTY SET	`\emptyset`, `\varnothing` (amssymb)	`∅`	`U+2205`
∖	SET MINUS	`\setminus`, `\smallsetminus` (amssymb)	`&setmn;`	`U+2216`
∀	FOR ALL	`\forall`	`∀`	`U+2200`
∃	THERE EXISTS	`\exists`	`∃`	`U+2203`
∄	THERE DOES NOT EXIST	`\nexists` (amssymb)	`&nexist;`	`U+2204`
¬	NOT SIGN	`\neg`, `\lnot`	`¬`	`U+00AC`
∧	LOGICAL AND	`\land`, `\wedge`	`&and;`	`U+2227`
∨	LOGICAL OR	`\lor`, `\vee`	`&or;`	`U+2228`
⊕	CIRCLED PLUS	`\oplus`	`&oplus;`	`U+2295`
⊗	CIRCLED TIMES	`\otimes`	`&otimes;`	`U+2297`
⇒	RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW	`\Rightarrow`	`⇒`	`U+21D2`
⇔	LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW	`\Leftrightarrow`	`⇔`	`U+21D4`
→	RIGHTWARDS ARROW	`\to`, `\rightarrow`	`→`	`U+2192`
↦	RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR	`\mapsto`	`&map;`	`U+21A6`
⊢	RIGHT TACK	`\vdash`	`&vdash;`	`U+22A2`
⊨	TRUE	`\vDash` (amssymb)	`&vDash;`	`U+22A8`
∴	THEREFORE	`\therefore` (amssymb)	`&there4;`	`U+2234`
∵	BECAUSE	`\because` (amssymb)	`&becaus;`	`U+2235`
∠	ANGLE	`\angle`	`&ang;`	`U+2220`
⊥	UP TACK	`\bot`	`&perp;`	`U+22A5`
⟂	PERPENDICULAR	`\perp`	`⟂`	`U+27C2`
∥	PARALLEL TO	`\parallel`, `\shortparallel` (amssymb)	`&par;`	`U+2225`
°	DEGREE SIGN	—	`°`	`U+00B0`
′	PRIME	`\prime`	`′`	`U+2032`
″	DOUBLE PRIME	—	`″`	`U+2033`
⋅	DOT OPERATOR	`\cdot`, `\cdotp`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
·	MIDDLE DOT	—	`·`	`U+00B7`
∘	RING OPERATOR	`\circ`	`&compfn;`	`U+2218`
ℕ	DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N	—	`&Nopf;`	`U+2115`
ℤ	DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Z	—	`&Zopf;`	`U+2124`
ℚ	DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Q	—	`&Qopf;`	`U+211A`
ℝ	DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL R	—	`&Ropf;`	`U+211D`
ℂ	DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL C	—	`&Copf;`	`U+2102`
ℵ	ALEF SYMBOL	`\aleph`	`&alefsym;`	`U+2135`
ℏ	PLANCK CONSTANT OVER TWO PI	`\hbar`, `\hslash` (amssymb)	`&hbar;`	`U+210F`
ℓ	SCRIPT SMALL L	`\ell`	`&ell;`	`U+2113`
π	GREEK SMALL LETTER PI	`\pi`	`π`	`U+03C0`

Where math symbols come from in Unicode

Most of them live in the Mathematical Operators block (U+2200–22FF), part of Unicode since Unicode 1.1 (1993). The Supplemental Mathematical Operators block (U+2A00–2AFF) arrived in Unicode 3.2 (2002), together with the Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols blocks. Fractions, superscripts and letters like ℝ (U+211D DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL R) come from other blocks, which is why they are grouped separately above.

Lookalikes worth knowing

− (U+2212 MINUS SIGN) is its own character, different from the hyphen-minus - that your keyboard types (U+002D).
× (U+00D7 MULTIPLICATION SIGN) is the multiplication sign, not the letter x.
∑ (U+2211 N-ARY SUMMATION) is the summation sign and ∏ (U+220F N-ARY PRODUCT) the product sign. Unicode keeps them apart from the Greek letters Σ and Π they look like.
For a multiplication dot, Unicode's notes prefer ⋅ (U+22C5 DOT OPERATOR) to the middle dot · (U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT).

About the LaTeX commands

The LaTeX column shows the command that gives each symbol in math mode. The commands come from the tables of MathJax, the library that displays LaTeX math on many websites, so they are the ones it understands. Commands marked amssymb or amsmath need that package in a LaTeX document. Some symbols have no single command: they show a dash.

Frequently asked questions

How do I type math symbols on a keyboard?

On Windows, a few have Alt codes (hold Alt and type the number on the numeric keypad): ± Alt+0177, × Alt+0215, ÷ Alt+0247, ≈ Alt+247, ≤ Alt+243, ≥ Alt+242, ≡ Alt+240, √ Alt+251, ∞ Alt+236, ° Alt+0176, ² Alt+0178, ³ Alt+0179, ½ Alt+0189, ¼ Alt+0188, ¾ Alt+0190, µ Alt+0181. For the rest, press Windows + . and open the Symbols tab, or copy them from this page. On a Mac, open the Character Viewer with Fn/Globe + E and search by name.

What does ∈ mean?

∈ is ELEMENT OF: x ∈ A says that x belongs to the set A. Its opposite is ∉ (NOT AN ELEMENT OF). In LaTeX they are \in and \notin.

What is the symbol for “therefore”?

∴ (THEREFORE, U+2234). Its upside-down partner ∵ is BECAUSE. In LaTeX: \therefore and \because, from the amssymb package.

Why do some math symbols show as boxes?

Your device has no font with that character. The common ones at the top of the page work almost everywhere; the rarer operators near the end need a math font, which most computers have but some phones don't.

Keep exploring

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